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Recycling of tax free cash
Recycling is where an individual boosts their pension savings by taking their tax-free cash and as a result increases their contributions into one or more pension plans to gain more tax relief.
Key facts
If recycling of tax-free cash takes place, the tax-free cash is treated as an unauthorised payment.
The conditions for recycling to apply are:
- payment of the tax-free cash
- amount of tax-free cash
- significant increase in contribution level
- contribution increase of more than 30% of the tax-free cash
- pre-planning
One of the benefits to an individual of recycling is that it allows further tax-free cash to be paid. The income taken from the pension plan is re-invested back into one or more pension plans and tax relief is applied. The individual will continue to benefit from tax efficient growth and will have access to a further tax-free cash sum at the point they take benefits from the plan.
Whilst income payments from pension plans are treated as taxable income, this can be effectively offset by the tax relief given when the payment is re-invested into the pension plan.
It is worth noting however that HMRC do not classify income from pension plans as relevant UK earnings, and therefore the individual will need to have relevant UK earnings from another source so they are eligible for tax relief on the re-invested payments.
Our article on Member contributions - tax relief and annual allowance explains all about tax relief on personal contributions.
This all sounds too good to be true
Unfortunately, to an extent it is. HMRC introduced recycling rules in 2006 as it was concerned that recycling could abuse the generous tax relief system. Anyone who falls foul of these rules could face unauthorised payment tax charges.
What are the rules?
The recycling rule applies to all pension tax-free cash payments where contributions are significantly increased on or around the time the payment is made.
HMRC outline specific conditions to determine whether a recycling event has taken place.
Basically, if the answer is 'Yes' to all of the following conditions then bad things can happen. If the answer is 'no' to any of the questions below, then recycling of the tax-free cash hasn't happened.
The conditions
OK, so let's take each of the above conditions in turn and look at them a little closer:
- Payment of the tax-free cash
All payments of tax-free cash in a 12-month period need to be counted. This may include payments from more than one pension plan. - Amount of tax-free cash
Is the total of all tax-free cash payments over the 12-month period more than £7,500*? If it's not, then recycling hasn't happened.
*Please note that prior to 6 April 2015, this was 1% of the lifetime allowance. - Significant increase in contribution level
Because of the payment of the tax-free cash, have the contributions increased by more than 30% of what might have been expected? This is obviously a lot easier to work out if there has been an established pattern of contributions based on factors. Where contributions haven't been paid in a while, HMRC allows RPI to be used to produce a current value for the contributions.
This applies to personal, employer and third party contributions.
Contributions are measured over a five-year period to see if there has been a significant increase in contributions. This stops an individual getting around the rules by making gradual increases or increases just before the tax-free cash is taken. This five-year period is:
- the tax year in which the tax-free cash was taken,
- the two tax years before the tax year that the tax-free cash was taken, and
- the two tax years after the tax year that the tax-free cash was taken
So, if tax-free cash was taken in tax year 2023/24, the testing period would be from 2021/22 to 2025/26.
Any increase to contributions is measured on a cumulative basis when trying to determine whether a significant increase has occurred.
Recycling may not apply if their contributions increased because they are linked to salary, bonus, overtime or commission as long as the basis on which the pension contribution is based hasn't changed.
- Contribution increase of more than 30% of tax-free cash
The increase in additional contributions is only significant if the total amount is more than 30% of the tax-free cash. If contributions are paid to more than one pension scheme, it's the total of all contributions that need to be looked at.
As described in point 3 above, the increase is measured cumulatively over the 5-year period.
If the individual borrows money to pay the contributions or pays the contributions out of savings then uses the tax-free cash to pay off the loan or top up the savings, recycling will still be deemed to have occurred. This of course, assumes that all other conditions have been met. - Pre-planning
If the answer to all the above conditions is 'yes', then it's going to all come down to the last condition. This is perhaps the hardest condition to interpret but let's have a stab at it.
In its simplest sense, pre-planning means that there was an intention right from the very beginning to use the tax-free cash as a way of significantly increasing pension contributions. To satisfy this condition, such pre-planning must take place at the 'relevant time'.
If a decision is made to use the tax-free lump sum to significantly increase contributions, this is pre-planning. The 'relevant time' is when the tax-free lump sum is taken. Even if the contributions increase before the tax-free lump sum is taken this can be pre-planning. In this case the 'relevant time' is when the contributions are increased.
PTM133820: Recycling of tax-free cash - pre-planning
What are the consequences of recycling?
If an individual is caught by the recycling rules, the amount of the tax-free lump sum is regarded as an unauthorised payment and any of the following charges may be applied:
- an unauthorised member payment charge of 40% of the tax-free lump sum paid
- an unauthorised payments surcharge of 15% of the tax-free lump sum paid
- a scheme sanction charge of 40% of the tax-free lump sum
- a de-registration charge of 40% of the scheme's assets
However, not all of the charges are automatic.
HMRC Pensions Tax Manual - PTM133840: Deemed unauthorised payment and taxation
Case studies
It's worth looking at a couple of case studies of where recycling does and doesn't apply:
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Where recycling doesn't apply
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Where recycling does apply
Further information
Disclaimer
The information provided is based on our current understanding of the relevant legislation and regulations and may be subject to alteration as a result of changes in legislation or practice. Also it may not reflect the options available under a specific product which may not be as wide as legislations and regulations allow.
All references to taxation are based on our understanding of current taxation law and practice and may be affected by future changes in legislation and the individual circumstances of the investor.